铜价居高不(bu)下，电(dian)缆生产(chan)企业(ye)利润(run)率急剧下滑。在这(zhei)样的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)况下，为减少成(cheng)本，行业(ye)提出了“以铝节”甚至(zhi)是“以铝代(dai)铜”的(de)(de)(de)观(guan)点。但是对于“以铝节铜”是否行得通却是各(ge)有说法。在当前经营环(huan)境(jing)日(ri)趋复(fu)杂和环(huan)境(jing)压(ya)力(li)不(bu)断增加的(de)(de)(de)背(bei)景下，电(dian)力(li)电(dian)缆的(de)(de)(de)全生命周(zhou)期(qi)过程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)环(huan)境(jing)影响到(dao)底有多大成(cheng)为各(ge)方关注的(de)(de)(de)一个焦点。

　　生命(ming)(ming)周期(qi)评(ping)价(jia)(LCA)首先辨识和量化整个(ge)生命(ming)(ming)周期(qi)阶段中能(neng)量和物质(zhi)的(de)消耗(hao)以及环境(jing)(jing)(jing)释放，然后(hou)评(ping)价(jia)这些消耗(hao)和释放对环境(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)影(ying)响，最后(hou)辨识和评(ping)价(jia)减少(shao)这些影(ying)响的(de)机会。LCA区别(bie)于其它传统评(ping)价(jia)方法有(you)(you)两个(ge)显(xian)著(zhu)的(de)特点。首先，它具(ju)有(you)(you)全程性(xing)的(de)特点，亦即对所研究系(xi)统在整个(ge)生命(ming)(ming)周期(qi)内所造成(cheng)的(de)环境(jing)(jing)(jing)负荷或影(ying)响进行评(ping)价(jia)。其次，它具(ju)有(you)(you)综合性(xing)的(de)特点，不仅考(kao)(kao)虑废物对环境(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)影(ying)响,而(er)且考(kao)(kao)虑因资源(yuan)和能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)消耗(hao)而(er)对环境(jing)(jing)(jing)造成(cheng)的(de)综合影(ying)响。

　　我们要对(dui)铜(tong)缆(lan)(lan)和铝(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)电(dian)缆(lan)(lan)生命周期(qi)环(huan)(huan)境影响进(jin)行(xing)对(dui)比的(de)(de)(de)话，首先就要建立基础性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)对(dui)比条件(jian)，即相同的(de)(de)(de)载(zai)流量、系(xi)(xi)统边界、功(gong)(gong)能单(dan)位、环(huan)(huan)境影响类型(xing)、评价工(gong)(gong)具以及所采(cai)集的(de)(de)(de)数据来(lai)自生产(chan)(chan)技术水(shui)平和规模相当的(de)(de)(de)铜(tong)电(dian)缆(lan)(lan)和铝(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)电(dian)缆(lan)(lan)生产(chan)(chan)企业(ye)。在此前提下，选定原材料获(huo)取、产(chan)(chan)品制造、产(chan)(chan)品使用、运输和废弃(qi)处置(zhi)等5个阶段作为两种电(dian)缆(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)统边界，并根据国家标准GB50217工(gong)(gong)程电(dian)缆(lan)(lan)设计规范选取YJHLV82-4×185(交(jiao)联聚乙烯绝(jue)缘聚氯护套铝(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)带(dai)连锁铠(kai)装(zhuang)铝(lv)合(he)(he)金(jin)电(dian)缆(lan)(lan))和YJV224×120(交(jiao)联绝(jue)缘钢带(dai)铠(kai)装(zhuang)护套铜(tong)电(dian)缆(lan)(lan))作为对(dui)比的(de)(de)(de)产(chan)(chan)品。功(gong)(gong)能单(dan)位为1KM电(dian)缆(lan)(lan)。环(huan)(huan)境影响类型(xing)主要包括(kuo)全球变暖潜势(shi)、酸(suan)化潜势(shi)、富营(ying)养化潜势(shi)和能源消耗等4种主要环(huan)(huan)境影响类型(xing)，分别采(cai)用CML2001和EI99的(de)(de)(de)评价指标体系(xi)(xi)。

　　通过评价分析(xi)，可以发(fa)现以下五(wu)点(dian)。一(yi)、全球变暖(nuan)环(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)响(xiang)类型(xing)。铝(lv)(lv)(lv)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)造、使用(yong)阶(jie)段温室气体(ti)排放(fang)(fang)高(gao)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，在(zai)运输(shu)和(he)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)阶(jie)段低(di)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，原(yuan)材(cai)料获(huo)取阶(jie)段与铜(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)接近，略(lve)低(di)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。二、酸(suan)化(hua)环(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)响(xiang)。铝(lv)(lv)(lv)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)造、使用(yong)阶(jie)段排放(fang)(fang)高(gao)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，在(zai)原(yuan)材(cai)料获(huo)取、运输(shu)和(he)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)阶(jie)段略(lve)低(di)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。三(san)、富营(ying)养化(hua)潜能(neng)环(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)响(xiang)。铝(lv)(lv)(lv)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)造、使用(yong)阶(jie)段排放(fang)(fang)高(gao)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，在(zai)原(yuan)材(cai)料获(huo)取、运输(shu)和(he)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)阶(jie)段略(lve)低(di)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。四、能(neng)源消耗环(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)响(xiang)。铝(lv)(lv)(lv)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)在(zai)原(yuan)材(cai)料获(huo)取、制(zhi)(zhi)造和(he)使用(yong)阶(jie)段能(neng)源消耗高(gao)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，在(zai)运输(shu)和(he)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)阶(jie)段略(lve)低(di)于(yu)(yu)铜(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。五(wu)、总体(ti)环(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)影(ying)(ying)响(xiang)。铜(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)优(you)于(yu)(yu)铝(lv)(lv)(lv)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

　　电力电缆(lan)产(chan)(chan)品生(sheng)命(ming)周(zhou)期(qi)环(huan)境影响主要贡(gong)献(xian)(xian)来自于电缆(lan)的(de)(de)使用阶段(duan)，占(zhan)各项环(huan)境影响贡(gong)献(xian)(xian)率的(de)(de)98%以(yi)上(shang)，使用阶段(duan)计算(suan)的(de)(de)使用年(nian)限(xian)为30年(nian)，产(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)电力损耗相对(dui)巨大，同时与(yu)电缆(lan)的(de)(de)使用情景有直接的(de)(de)关系，不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)使用情景和不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)使用年(nian)限(xian)将在很(hen)大程度(du)上(shang)影响计算(suan)结果。其次来自产(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)原(yuan)材料(liao)获(huo)取阶段(duan)，占(zhan)比约为1%，贡(gong)献(xian)(xian)最小的(de)(de)为产(chan)(chan)品的(de)(de)运输阶段(duan)，占(zhan)比不(bu)(bu)足万分之一。

　　通过(guo)这(zhei)一结果可(ke)发(fa)现，减少输电(dian)(dian)过(guo)程(cheng)中电(dian)(dian)力损耗(hao)是降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低电(dian)(dian)力电(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)周(zhou)期环(huan)境影响的(de)(de)(de)最主要(yao)、最有(you)效和切实可(ke)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)手段(duan)。功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)数(shu)是供电(dian)(dian)系(xi)统(tong)一项(xiang)重(zhong)要(yao)技术(shu)经济指标，用(yong)电(dian)(dian)设(she)备(bei)(bei)在消耗(hao)有(you)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)时，还需要(yao)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)无功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)由电(dian)(dian)源送往负荷，功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)数(shu)反映的(de)(de)(de)是电(dian)(dian)气设(she)备(bei)(bei)在消耗(hao)一定有(you)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)时所需的(de)(de)(de)无功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)，用(yong)户(hu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)数(shu)的(de)(de)(de)高低，对(dui)于(yu)(yu)电(dian)(dian)力系(xi)统(tong)的(de)(de)(de)发(fa)、供、用(yong)电(dian)(dian)设(she)备(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)分利(li)用(yong)，有(you)显著的(de)(de)(de)影响。适当提高功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)因(yin)(yin)数(shu)，不但(dan)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)充(chong)分发(fa)挥发(fa)、供、用(yong)电(dian)(dian)设(she)备(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)产能力，减少线(xian)路损失，改善电(dian)(dian)压质量(liang)，而且可(ke)以(yi)(yi)提高用(yong)户(hu)设(she)备(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)效率(lv)(lv)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)时合(he)理(li)配制(zhi)导线(xian)截面(mian)(mian)、增(zeng)建(jian)线(xian)路回路、增(zeng)装(zhuang)必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)无功(gong)(gong)补偿设(she)备(bei)(bei)以(yi)(yi)及加强管理(li)措施等(deng)都可(ke)以(yi)(yi)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)程(cheng)度(du)上(shang)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低线(xian)路损耗(hao)，从而降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低电(dian)(dian)力电(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)在使用(yong)阶(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)环(huan)境影响。在这(zhei)方面(mian)(mian)电(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)明显优(you)于(yu)(yu)铝合(he)金(jin)电(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)。同(tong)(tong)(tong)时，对(dui)于(yu)(yu)电(dian)(dian)力电(dian)(dian)缆(lan)(lan)(lan)行(xing)业还存在再生(sheng)(sheng)原材(cai)(cai)料利(li)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)问题，不同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再生(sheng)(sheng)金(jin)属材(cai)(cai)料替代(dai)原生(sheng)(sheng)材(cai)(cai)料工艺将产生(sheng)(sheng)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)环(huan)境影响。

　　电(dian)力电(dian)缆(lan)生(sheng)产(chan)企(qi)业可以从导体本身(shen)和提高(gao)生(sheng)产(chan)工(gong)艺出发，进(jin)一(yi)步提高(gao)金属纯度和合金工(gong)艺，增加(jia)导体的(de)导电(dian)性能，缩小与发达(da)国家的(de)差距，减少(shao)无功消耗。同(tong)时还可以从原材料选择、降低(di)生(sheng)产(chan)能耗、减少(shao)运(yun)输距离和产(chan)品(pin)的(de)再生(sheng)利用(yong)等(deng)方面尽(jin)可能降低(di)和环境影响。